The development of effective vaccines and therapies for typhoid fever is critical to reducing the global burden of this disease. Our company is dedicated to advancing the scientific understanding of typhoid fever and translating this knowledge into innovative solutions that save lives.
Introduction to Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, a gram-negative bacterium. Characterized by high fever, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal complications, typhoid fever poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in developing countries. The disease is transmitted primarily through the consumption of contaminated food and water, leading to an estimated 11-20 million cases globally each year, with the highest incidence found in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Despite advancements in sanitation, typhoid fever remains prevalent, particularly in South Asia, where it accounts for a considerable proportion of morbidity and mortality.
Fig.1 Estimated incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers by country per 100,000 population, 2015. (Radhakrishnan A., et al., 2018)
Vaccine Development for Typhoid Fever
The development of vaccines against typhoid fever has undergone several iterations, each addressing the limitations of its predecessors. Initially, whole-cell vaccines were developed, which provided moderate protection but were associated with reactogenicity. The advent of second-generation vaccines, including the live attenuated Ty21a and the Vi-polysaccharide vaccine, marked an improvement in safety and efficacy.
However, the true revolution in typhoid vaccine development has been the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs). These vaccines leverage the power of the immune system to provide longer-lasting immunity, especially in children and have shown promising results in reducing the disease burden in endemic regions.
Table 1 Current Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Development Pipeline. (Syed K. A., et al., 2020)
|
Manufacturer |
Location |
Technology Transfer Agreement |
Product Details |
Clinical Development Status |
WHO Prequalification |
| Bharat Biotech Int. Ltd |
India |
Own R&D |
Vi-TT |
Licensure in India, Nepal, Nigeria |
WHO prequalified in January 2018 |
| Bio-Med Pvt. Ltd |
India |
Own R&D |
Vi-TT |
Licensure in India |
No plans for WHO PQ as of now |
| M/s Cadila Healthcare Limited |
India |
Unknown |
Vi-TT |
Licensed in India March 2018 |
WHO PQ will be sought |
| PT Bio Farma |
Indonesia |
IVI |
Vi-DT |
Phase II |
WHO PQ will be sought after the Indonesian NRA |
| Finlay Institute |
Cuba |
Unknown |
Vi-DT |
Phase I |
Unknown plans for WHO PQ |
| Lanzhou Institute (CNBG) |
China |
US NIH |
Vi-rEPA |
Licensure application submitted |
Interest in WHO PQ; need support |
| SK Bioscience |
S. Korea |
IVI |
Vi-DT |
Phase II |
WHO PQ will be sought after licensure |
| Incepta |
Bangladesh |
IVI |
Vi-DT |
Preclinical |
Interest in WHO PQ; need support |
| Biological E |
India |
NVGH (GSK) |
Vi-CRM |
Phase III |
WHO PQ will be sought after licensure |
| DAVAC |
Vietnam |
Own R&D |
Vi-DT |
Preclinical |
NA |
| Eubiologics |
Korea |
Own R&D |
Vi-TT |
Phase I |
Interest in WHO PQ: Unknown |
Therapeutics Development for Typhoid Fever
Antimicrobial Therapies
The mainstay of typhoid therapeutic has traditionally been antibiotics. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has necessitated the development of new therapeutic strategies. First-line therapeutics such as fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins have faced resistance challenges, leading to the exploration of alternative agents like azithromycin and carbapenems.
Emerging Therapies
Research has identified potential new avenues for therapeutics, such as bacteriophage therapy, which utilizes viruses that specifically infect bacteria. This approach may offer a novel strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Additionally, the exploration of adjunctive therapies that enhance the efficacy of antibiotics is an area of active investigation.
Our Services
At our company, we are committed to advancing the fight against typhoid fever through innovative vaccine and therapy development services. Our multidisciplinary team of experts collaborates to create and optimize vaccine candidates and therapeutic agents. We utilize cutting-edge technologies and robust research methodologies to ensure the efficacy and safety of our products.
Disease Models
- Humanized Rag2-/- γc-/- Mouse Models
- Humanized NSG Mouse Models
- TLR11 Knockout Mouse Models
- Chimera Mouse Models with Mixed Mouse and Human Cells
Additionally, we provide preclinical research services designed to support the rigorous evaluation of vaccine and therapeutic candidates before entering clinical trials. If you are interested in our services, please feel free to contact us.
References
- Radhakrishnan, Amruta, et al. "Introductory article on global burden and epidemiology of typhoid fever." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 99.3 Suppl (2018): 4.
- Syed, Khalid Ali, et al. "Review on the recent advances on typhoid vaccine development and challenges ahead." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71.Supplement_2 (2020): S141-S150.
All of our services and products are intended for preclinical research use
only and cannot be used to diagnose, treat or manage patients.
