Anaplasmosis poses a substantial economic burden, particularly in the cattle industry, where Anaplasma marginale infection can result in significant production losses, therapeutic costs, and even livestock mortality. As a leading player in the field of Anaplasmosis therapy development, our company is dedicated to providing innovative solutions that address the growing challenges posed by this persistent infectious disease.
Overview of Anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis is a significant infectious disease affecting both humans and animals, caused by a group of tick-borne bacteria belonging to the genus Anaplasma. In humans, the primary causative agent is Anaplasma phagocytophilum, while in animals, the most prevalent species is Anaplasma marginale. These pathogens target and infect the host's blood cells, leading to a range of manifestations, including fever, anemia, weight loss, and in severe cases, organ failure and mortality.
Fig. 1 Graphic representation of the "desired" Th1-type immune response in animals protected against bovine anaplasmosis. (Salinas-Estrella E., et al., 2022)
Vaccine Development for Anaplasmosis
Live Vaccines
Historically, live Anaplasmosis vaccines have been used to provide protection against the disease. The use of heterologous live vaccines, such as Anaplasma centrale, has shown some efficacy, but research has revealed the limitations of this approach. Cases of outbreaks and failures to provide comprehensive protection against the more virulent Anaplasma marginale strain have been observed.
Inactivated Vaccines
Extensive research has demonstrated that carefully formulated inactivated vaccine preparations, utilizing purified Anaplasma antigens and advanced adjuvant technologies, can elicit robust and broad-spectrum protective immunity. These inactivated vaccines, while not preventing infection entirely, have shown the ability to induce sufficient immunity to protect cattle against the clinical manifestations of the disease.
New-Generation Vaccines
Concurrently with the advancements in inactivated vaccines, scientists have been spearheading the exploration of cutting-edge approaches for developing next-generation Anaplasmosis vaccines. This innovative pursuit encompasses the research and development of DNA vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, and genetically modified organisms as promising avenues for immunoprophylaxis against this challenging disease.
Therapeutics Development for Anaplasmosis
The mainstay of Anaplasmosis therapeutic has traditionally been the use of tetracycline antibiotics, particularly long-acting oxytetracycline. However, researchers have identified the limitations of these conventional approaches, including the challenge of achieving complete carrier clearance and the potential for pharmacokinetic barriers. To address these limitations, scientists have undertaken extensive research to optimize chemotherapeutic protocols, explore novel antimicrobial agents, and investigate combination therapy strategies.
Table 1. Summary of therapeutics and control of anaplasmosis. (Atif F. A., et al., 2021)
| Disease |
Therapeutics |
Control |
| Bovine anaplasmosis (A.marginale) |
Oxytetracycline (injection), and chlortetracycline hydrochloride (feed) for elimination of carrier infection as well. |
Identification of vectors & control, oxytetracycline, tick & or Anaplasma vaccine, prevent iatrogenic or mechanical transmission, endemic stability. |
| Bovine anaplasmosis (A.centrale) |
Usually not required |
Identification of vectors & control, oxytetracycline, tick & or Anaplasma vaccine, prevent iatrogenic or mechanical transmission. |
| Bovine anaplasmosis (A.bovis) |
Oxytetracycline @ 20 mg/kg IV along with 500 ml normal saline. |
Identification of vectors, bio/chemical control, tetracyclines, tick vaccine |
| Ovine/caprine anaplasmosis (A.ovis) |
Tetracycline |
Identification of vectors, bio/chemical control, tetracyclines, tick vaccine |
| Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia (A.plats) |
Doxycycline @5–10 mg/kg q12–24 h for 8–10 days or Enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg, q12 h for 14–21 days |
Tick elimination, collar, pour-on, or spot-on acaricidal products for R. sanguineus ticks, knowledge of tick seasonality and ecology. |
Our Services
As a prominent figure in the realm of Anaplasmosis vaccine and therapy development, our organization is deeply committed to delivering groundbreaking solutions that effectively tackle the mounting difficulties presented by this relentless infectious disease.
Disease Models
- SCID Mice Models
- C3H/HeN Mice Models
- BALB/c Mice Models (human A. phagocytophilum isolate NY-18)
- Sheep Models (I. scapularis ticks)
Preclinical Research
- Drug Safety Evaluation
- In Vivo Pharmacokinetics Study
- In Vitro Pharmacokinetics Study
- Activity Testing
- Drug Resistance Evaluation
By leveraging our extensive expertise and state-of-the-art facilities, we empower our clients to accelerate their Anaplasmosis drug and vaccine development programs, de-risking the path toward regulatory approvals and commercialization. If our services have piqued your interest, we warmly welcome you to reach out to us for further information and to obtain a detailed quotation for the services you require.
References
- Salinas-Estrella Elizabeth, et al. "Bovine Anaplasmosis: Will there ever be an almighty effective vaccine?." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (2022): 946545.
- Atif, Farhan Ahmad, Kashif Hussain, and Saba Mehnaz. "Strategies for prevention and control of anaplasmosis: at human-animal interface." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58.5 (2021).
All of our services and products are intended for preclinical research use
only and cannot be used to diagnose, treat or manage patients.
